Ulwandle lwaselwandle

Ingca yolwandle zizityalo ezidubulayo ezikhula kumanzi angekho nzulu kwaye zifumaneka kumanxweme elizwekazi ngalinye ngaphandle kweAntarctica. Ingca yolwandle ayiboneleli nje kuphela ngeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ze-ikhosistim njengendawo yokugcina izityalo elwandle, kodwa ikwasebenza njengomthombo othembekileyo wokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni. Ingca yolwandle ithatha i-0.1% yomgangatho wolwandle, ukanti inoxanduva lwe-11% ye-organic carbon engcwatywe elwandle. Phakathi kwe-2–7% yamadlelo engca elwandle, iimangrove neminye imigxobhozo eselunxwemeni iyalahleka ngonyaka.

Ngokusebenzisa iSeaGrass Khulisa iKhabhoni yokubala eBlue unokubala unyawo lwakho lwekhabhoni, uhlengahlengise ngokubuyiselwa kwengca yolwandle kwaye ufunde malunga neeprojekthi zethu zokubuyisela elunxwemeni.
Apha, siqulunqe ezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo kwingca yolwandle.

AmaPhepha oNyaniso kunye neeflaya

Pidgeon, E., Herr, D., Fonseca, L. (2011). Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweKhabhoni kunye nokuNciphisa ukuThathwa kweKhabhoni kunye nokuGcina ngengca yolwandle, iTidal Marshes, iMangroves-Iingcebiso ezivela kwiQela eliSebenzayo laMazwe ngaMazwe kwiCoastal Blue Carbon
Le phetshana imfutshane ifuna inyathelo elikhawulezileyo ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko lwengca yolwandle, imigxobhozo kunye neemangrove ngokusebenzisa 1) iinzame zophando lwesizwe nezizwe ngezizwe zokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni yonxweme, 2) ukuphuculwa kwamanyathelo olawulo lwasekhaya nolwengingqi olusekwe kulwazi lwangoku lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kwimibhobho yendalo eselunxwemeni eyonakeleyo kunye 3) uphuculo lokuqondwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwekhabhoni ehlala elunxwemeni.  

"Ingca yolwandle: Ubuncwane obufihliweyo." Iphepha leNyaniso livelise iZiko leYunivesithi yaseMaryland loManyano lweNzululwazi yokusiNgqongileyo kunye neNethiwekhi yeSicelo ngoDisemba ka-2006.

"Ingca yolwandle: Imithi yaselwandle." livelise iZiko leYunivesithi yaseMaryland loManyano lweNzululwazi ngokusiNgqongileyo kunye neNethiwekhi yeSicelo ngoDisemba ka-2006.

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Ukukhutshwa kwamaphephandaba, iiNkcazelo, kunye neeNgcaciso zoMgaqo-nkqubo

Chan, F., et al. (2016). I-West Coast Ocean Acidification kunye nePhaneli yeNzululwazi ye-Hypoxia: Iziphumo eziphambili, izindululo kunye nezenzo. California Ocean Science Science Trust.
Iphaneli yezenzululwazi enamalungu angama-20 ilumkisa ngelokuba ukwanda kokukhutshwa kwekharbhon diokside kumhlaba wonke kungamanzi enza iasidi kuNxweme lwaseMntla Merika ngesantya esikhawulezayo. Iphaneli yeWest Coast OA kunye neHypoxia icebisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuhlola iindlela ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwengca yolwandle ukususa ikharbon diokside kumanzi olwandle njengeyeza eliphambili kwi-OA kunxweme olusentshona.

I-Florida Roundtable kwi-Ocean Acidification: INgxelo yeNtlanganiso. I-Mote Marine Laboratory, eSarasota, FL ngoSeptemba 2, 2015
NgoSeptemba ka-2015, i-Ocean Conservancy kunye ne-Mote Marine Laboratory zasebenzisana ukubamba itheyibhile engqukuva kwi-acidification yolwandle eFlorida eyilelwe ukukhawulezisa ingxoxo yoluntu malunga ne-OA eFlorida. I-ecosystems yengca yolwandle idlala indima enkulu eFlorida kwaye ingxelo indulula ukukhuselwa kunye nokubuyiselwa kwamadlelo engca yolwandle 1) iinkonzo ze-ecosystem 2) njengenxalenye yepotfoliyo yemisebenzi eqhubela ummandla ekunciphiseni iimpembelelo zokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle.

iingxelo

ULondolozo lwamazwe ngamazwe. (2008). Imilinganiselo yoQoqosho yeeCoral Reefs, iMangroves, kunye neengca zolwandle: iGlobal Compilation. Iziko leSayensi yeZilwanyana eziSetyenzisiweyo, i-Conservation International, i-Arlington, i-VA, i-USA.
Le ncwadana iqulunqa iziphumo zophononongo olubanzi lokuxatyiswa kwezoqoqosho kwiitropikhi zaselwandle kunye neendawo ezihlala elunxwemeni kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngelixa lapapashwa ngo-2008, eli phepha lisabonelela ngesikhokelo esiluncedo kwixabiso le-ecosystems yaselunxwemeni, ngakumbi kumxholo wezakhono zabo zokuthatha ikhabhoni eluhlaza.

Cooley, S., Ono, C., Melcer, S. kunye noRoberson, J. (2016). Amanyathelo akwiNqanaba loLuntu anokujongana ne-Ocean Acidation. Inkqubo ye-Ocean Acidification, i-Ocean Conservancy. Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci.
Le ngxelo ibandakanya itheyibhile eluncedo malunga neentshukumo ezinokwenziwa luluntu lwasekuhlaleni ukulwa neasidi yolwandle, kubandakanywa ukubuyisela iingqaqa zembatyisi kunye neebhedi zengca yolwandle.

I-Florida Boating Access Facilities Inventory kunye noPhononongo lwezoQoqosho, kubandakanywa isifundo esilingwayo se-Lee County. Agasti 2009. 
Le yingxelo ebanzi yeKhomishini yaseFlorida yoLondolozo lweeNtlanzi kunye neZilwanyana zaseNdle kwimisebenzi yokukhwela isikhephe eFlorida, ifuthe labo lezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa nexabiso lengca yolwandle elizisa kwindawo yokuzonwabisa yamaphenyane.

Hall, M., et al. (2006). Ukuqulunqa ubuChwepheshe bokuphucula ukuBuyiselwa kweMigangatho yePropeller Scars kwiTurtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) Meadows. Ingxelo yokugqibela kwi-USFWS.
Intlanzi yaseFlorida kunye neZilwanyana zasendle zanikwa iimali zokuphanda ngefuthe elithe ngqo lezenzo zabantu kwingca yolwandle, ngakumbi indlela yokuziphatha kwabahambi ngenqanawa eFlorida, kunye nezona ndlela zobuchule zokuchacha ngokukhawuleza.

Laffoley, D.d'A. & Grimsditch, G. (eds). (2009). Ulawulo lweesinki zekhabhoni elunxwemeni lwendalo. IUCN, eGland, eSwitzerland. 53 iphe
Le ngxelo inika amagqabantshintshi ngokucokisekileyo kodwa alula ngokutshona kwekhabhoni elunxwemeni. Yapapashwa njengomthombo kungekuphela nje ukucacisa ixabiso leekhostim ekuhluthweni kwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa nokuqaqambisa imfuno yolawulo olusebenzayo nolufanelekileyo ekugcineni loo khabhoni ithinjiweyo emhlabeni.

"Iipateni ze-Propeller Scarring ye-Seagrass kwi-Florida Bay Associations kunye neMicimbi yoMsebenzi kunye neeNdwendwe zokuSetyenziswa kwezinto kunye neempembelelo zoLawulo lweMithombo yeNdalo - iNgxelo yoVavanyo lweZibonelelo - i-SFNRC yoBuchule boBuchule be-2008: 1." Iziko leZibonelelo zeNdalo zaseMzantsi Florida
INkonzo yePaki yeSizwe (iZiko leMithombo yeNdalo yaseMzantsi Florida - iPaki yeSizwe yase-Everglades) isebenzisa imifanekiso yasemoyeni ukuchonga amanxeba e-propeller kunye nesantya sengca yolwandle yokubuyisela eflorida Bay, efunwa ngabaphathi beepaki kunye noluntu ukuphucula ulawulo lwendalo.

Utoliko lwefoto Undoqo weProjekthi yoMaphu ye-Indian River Lagoon Seagrass yowama-2011. 2011. Ilungiselelwe nguDewberry. 
Amaqela amabini eFlorida afumana ikhontrakthi yeDewberry ngeprojekthi yokwenza imaphu yengca yolwandle ye-Indian River Lagoon ukuze afumane umfanekiso wasemoyeni we-Indian River Lagoon yonke ngokwemo yedijithali kwaye avelise imephu epheleleyo yengca yolwandle ka-2011 ngokutolika umfanekiso-ngqondweni wedatha eyinyani.

Ingxelo yeNkonzo yeentlanzi zase-US kwiNkongolo. (2011). “Ubume kunye neeMpembelelo zeMigxobhozo e-United States eHlangeneyo ngo-2004 ukuya kowama-2009.”
Le ngxelo federal iqinisekisa ukuba imigxobhozo yonxweme lwaseMelika ziya kutshabalala ngesantya esothusayo, ngokutsho imbumba yesizwe yamaqela yokusingqongileyo kunye namaqela ezemidlalo echaphazelekayo ngempilo kunye nozinzo lwendalo yonxweme lwesizwe.

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Amanqaku eendaba

Cullen-Insworth, L. kunye ne-Unsworth, R. 2018. "Ikhwelo lokukhusela ingca yolwandle". Inzululwazi, uMqulu. 361, INkupho 6401, 446-448.
Ingca yolwandle ibonelela ngendawo yokuhlala kwiintlobo ezininzi kwaye ibonelela ngeenkonzo eziphambili zenkqubo yendalo efana nokuhluza intlenga kunye neentsholongwane ezibangela izifo kuluhlu lwamanzi, kunye nokuthomalalisa amandla amaza onxweme. Ukhuseleko lwezixokelelwano zendalo lubalulekile ngenxa yendima ebalulekileyo edlalwa yingca yolwandle ekuthomalaliseni imozulu kunye nokhuseleko lokutya. 

Blandon, A., zu Ermgassen, PSE 2014. “Umlinganiselo woqikelelo lokwandiswa kweentlanzi ezithengiswayo kwindawo yokuhlala yengca yaselwandle kumazantsi eOstreliya.” I-Estuarine, iNzululwazi yoNxweme kunye neShelf 141.
Olu phononongo lujonga ixabiso lamadlelo engca yolwandle njengeendawo zokukhulisa izityalo ezili-13 zeentlobo zeentlanzi ezirhwebayo kwaye lijolise ekukhuliseni ukuthakazelelwa kwengca yolwandle ngabachaphazelekayo bonxweme.

Camp EF, Suggett DJ, Gendron G, Jompa J, Manfrino C kunye noSmith DJ. (2016). Iibhedi zemangrove kunye nengca yolwandle zibonelela ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ze-biogeochemical kwiikorali ezisengozini yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci. 
Eyona ngongoma yolu phononongo yeyokuba ingca yolwandle ibonelela ngeenkonzo ezingakumbi ngokuchasene ne-asidi yolwandle kuneemangrove. Ingca yolwandle inamandla okunciphisa impembelelo yeasidi yolwandle kwiingqaqa ezikufuphi ngokugcina iimeko ezifanelekileyo zekhemikhali ukwenzela ukubalwa kolwalwa.

Campbell, JE, Lacey, EA,. Decker, RA, Crools, S., Fourquean, JW 2014. “Ugcino lweKhabhoni kwiSeagrass Iibhedi zase Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.” IManyano yoPhando lwamaNxweme namachweba.
Olu phononongo lubalulekile kuba ababhali bakhetha ngenyameko ukuvavanya amadlelo engca engaselwandle angabhalwanga kwi-Arabian Gulf, beqonda apho ukuba uphando ngengca yolwandle lunokuthambekela ecaleni ngokusekelwe ekunqongophaleni kokwahluka kwedatha yengingqi. Bafumanisa ukuba ngoxa ingca ekwivenkile ekwiGulf isisixa nje esincinane sekhabhoni, ubukho bazo ngokubanzi bugcina isixa esikhulu sekhabhoni.

 Carruthers, T.,van Tussenbroek, B., Dennison, W.2005. Impembelelo yemithombo yamanzi angaphantsi kolwandle kunye namanzi amdaka kutshintsho lwezakhamzimba zengca yolwandle yaseCaribbean. I-Estuarine, iNzululwazi yoNxweme kunye neShelf 64, 191-199.
Uphononongo kwingca yolwandle yeCaribbean kunye nenqanaba lempembelelo yendalo yengingqi yemithombo yayo eyodwa yaselwandle inalo ekusetyenzweni kwezondlo.

Duarte, C., Dennison, W., Orth, R., Carruthers, T. 2008. I-Charisma ye-Ecosystems yoNxweme: Ukujongana nokungalingani. Amachweba namanxweme: J CERF 31:233–238
Eli nqaku lifuna uqwalaselo oluthe kratya lwamajelo eendaba kunye nophando oluya kunikwa indalo eselunxwemeni, njengengca yolwandle kunye neemangrove. Ukunqongophala kophando kukhokelela ekunqongophaleni kwamanyathelo okunqanda ilahleko yexabiso lenkqubo yendalo engaselunxwemeni.

Ezcurra, P., Ezcurra, E., Garcillán, P., Costa, M., kunye no-Aburto-Oropeza, O. (2016). Ubume bomhlaba ongaselunxwemeni kunye nokuqokelelana kwe-mangrove peat kwandisa ukuthinjwa nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni. Iinkqubo zeZiko leSizwe leSayensi lase-United States of America.
Olu phononongo lufumanisa ukuba iimangrove kwindawo eyomileyo yaseMexico kumntla-ntshona, zihlala ngaphantsi kwe-1% yendawo esemhlabeni, kodwa zigcina malunga ne-28% yetotali yekhabhoni pool engaphantsi komhlaba wonke lo mmandla. Nangona zincinci, i-mangrove kunye ne-organic sediments imele ukungahambelani nokuthathwa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni.

Fonseca, M., Julius, B., Kenworthy, WJ 2000. “Ukudibanisa ibhayoloji noqoqosho ekubuyiselweni kwengca yolwandle: Yimalini eyaneleyo kwaye ngoba?” Ubunjineli bezinto eziphilayo 15 (2000) 227-237
Olu phononongo lujonga umsantsa wokubuyiselwa kwengca yolwandle, kwaye lubuza umbuzo: ingakanani ingca yolwandle eyonakeleyo ekufuneka ibuyiswe ngesandla ukuze i-ikhosistim iqalise ukuzibuyisela ngokwemvelo? Olu phononongo lubalulekile kuba ukuzaliswa kwesi sikhewu kunokuvumela iiprojekthi zokubuyiselwa kwengca yolwandle ukuba zingabizi kakhulu kwaye zisebenze kakuhle. 

Fonseca, M., et al. 2004. Ukusetyenziswa kwemizekelo emibini ecacileyo yendawo ukumisela isiphumo sokulimala kwejometri ekubuyiseni ubutyebi bendalo. Ulondolozo lwasemanzini: Mar. Freshw. I-Ecosyst. 14: 281–298.
Uphononongo lobuchwephesha kuhlobo lomonzakalo olubangelwa zizikhephe ukuya kwingca yolwandle kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukubuyisela ngokwemvelo.

Fourqurean, J. et al. (2012). I-ecosystems yengca yolwandle njengesitokhwe sekhabhoni esibalulekileyo kwihlabathi. I-Nature Geoscience 5, 505-509.
Olu phononongo luqinisekisa ukuba ingca yolwandle, ngoku yenye yezona zinto zisesichengeni sendalo esingqongileyo, sisisombululo esibalulekileyo kutshintsho lwemozulu ngobuchule bayo bokugcina ikhabhoni eluhlaza.

Greiner JT, McGlathery KJ, Gunnell J, McKee BA. (2013). UkuBuyiselwa kwengca yoLwandle iPhuhlisa ukuThinjwa kwe "Blue Carbon" kuManzi oNxweme. PLoS ENYE 8(8): e72469.
Olu lolunye lwezifundo zophononongo lokuqala olubonelela ngobungqina obubambekayo bokubuyiswa kwendawo yokuhlala ingca yolwandle enokubakho ukuze kuphuculwe ukuthinjwa kwekhabhoni kummandla wonxweme. Ababhali batyala ingca yolwandle kwaye bafunda ngokukhula kwayo kunye nokuhluthwa kwayo ixesha elide.

Heck, K., Carruthers, T., Duarte, C., Hughes, A., Kendrick, G., Orth, R., Williams, S. 2008. Ugqithiso lwetrophic ukusuka kumadlelo engca yolwandle luxhasa ngenkxaso kubathengi abahlukeneyo baselwandle nabasemhlabeni. Iinkqubo zendalo.
Olu phononongo luchaza ukuba ixabiso lengca yolwandle lijongelwe phantsi, njengoko libonelela ngeenkonzo ze-ecosystem kwiintlobo ezininzi, ngokukwazi ukuthumela ngaphandle kwe-biomass, kwaye ukwehla kwayo kuya kuba nefuthe kwimimandla engaphaya kwalapho ikhula khona. 

Hendriks, E. et al. (2014). Umsebenzi we-Photosynthetic Buffers i-Acidification yoLwandle kwi-Seagrass Meadows. IBiogeosciences 11 (2): 333–46.
Olu phononongo lufumanisa ukuba ingca yolwandle kwiindawo ezingaselunxwemeni zinamandla okusebenzisa umsebenzi wazo onzulu wokuguqula i-pH ngaphakathi kwecanopy nangaphaya. Izinto eziphilayo, ezifana neengqaqa zekorale, ezinxulumene noluntu lwengca yolwandle, ngoko ke zinokuthwaxwa kukuthotywa kwengca yolwandle kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukuthintela i-pH kunye ne-asidi yolwandle.

Hill, V., et al. 2014. Ukuvavanya ukufumaneka kokukhanya, i-Seagrass Biomass, kunye neMveliso usebenzisa i-Hyperspectral Airborne Remote Sensing e-Saint Joseph's Bay, eFlorida. Amachweba kunye noNxweme (2014) 37: 1467-1489
Ababhali bolu phononongo basebenzisa ifoto yasemoyeni ukuqikelela ubungakanani bendawo yengca yolwandle kwaye basebenzise ubuchwepheshe obutsha obutsha ukulinganisa imveliso yengca yolwandle kumanzi onxweme antsonkothileyo kunye nokubonelela ngolwazi malunga nomthamo wale ndawo ukuxhasa iwebhu yokutya yaselwandle.

Irving AD, Connell SD, Russell BD. 2011. “Ukubuyisela Izityalo eziseluNxwemeni ukuze kuphuculwe iGlobal Carbon Storage: Ukuvuna Oko Sikuhlwayelayo.” PLoS ENYE 6(3): e18311.
Uphononongo lokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni kunye namandla okugcina izityalo zaselunxwemeni. Kumxholo wokutshintsha kwemozulu, uphononongo luqaphela umthombo ongasetyenziswanga wale mixokomelwano yendalo eselunxwemeni njengemifuziselo yokudluliselwa kwekhabhoni kwi-tangent nento yokuba i-30-50% yelahleko yendawo yokuhlala yaselunxwemeni kwinkulungwane edlulileyo ibe ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu.

van Katwijk, MM, et al. 2009. "Izikhokelo zokubuyiselwa kwengca yolwandle: Ukubaluleka kokukhetha indawo yokuhlala kunye nabemi babanikeli, ukusasazeka kweengozi, kunye nefuthe lobunjineli bendalo." Ibhulethini yoNgcoliseko lwaseLwandle 58 (2009) 179-188.
Olu phononongo luvavanya izikhokelo ezisetyenzisiweyo kwaye luphakamisa ezitsha zokubuyiselwa kwengca yolwandle – lugxininisa ekukhetheni indawo yokuhlala kunye nabemi abanikelayo. Bafumanise ukuba ingca yolwandle ibuyela ngcono kwiindawo ezihlala ingca yaselwandle ngokwembali kunye nokwahluka kofuzo lwemathiriyeli yabanikeli. Ibonisa ukuba izicwangciso zokubuyisela kufuneka zicingelwe kwaye zilungelelaniswe kwiimeko ukuba ziza kuphumelela.

Kennedy, H., J. Beggins, CM Duarte, JW Fourqurean, M. Holmer, N. Marbà, kunye noJJ Middelburg (2010). Intlenga yengca yolwandle njengesinki yekhabhoni yehlabathi: imiqobo ye-Isotopic. Global Biogeochem. Imijikelo, 24, GB4026.
Uphononongo lwezenzululwazi malunga nomthamo wokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni kwingca yolwandle. Uphononongo lwafumanisa ukuba ngelixa ingca yolwandle ibala kuphela indawo encinci yonxweme, iingcambu zayo kunye nentlenga zithatha isixa esikhulu sekhabhoni.

UMarion, S. kunye no-Orth, R. 2010. “IiNdlela eziNtsha zoBuyiselo lwengca yoLwandle eLwandle oluKhulu ngokuSebenzisa iZostera marina (eelgrass) Imbewu,” iRestoration Ecology Vol. 18, No. 4, iphepha 514-526.
Olu phononongo luphonononga indlela yokusasaza imbewu yengca yolwandle endaweni yokutyala amagqabi engca yolwandle njengoko iinzame zokubuyisela zixhaphakile. Baye bafumanisa ukuba nangona imbewu inokusasazeka kwindawo ebanzi, kukho izinga elisezantsi lokumila kwezithole.

Orth, R., et al. Ngowama-2006. Imagazini ye-BioScience, Vol. 56 No. 12, 987-996.
Uluntu oluselunxwemeni kunye nophuhliso lubeka esona soyikiso sibalulekileyo kwingca yolwandle. Ababhali bayavuma ukuba nangona inzululwazi iliqonda ixabiso lengca yolwandle kunye nelahleko yayo, uluntu loluntu alwazi nto. Bamemelela iphulo lokufundisa ukwazisa abalawuli kunye noluntu ngexabiso lamadlelo engca yolwandle, kunye nesidingo kunye neendlela zokuyigcina.

I-Palacios, S., Zimmerman, R. 2007. Impendulo ye-eelgrass i-Zostera marina ekutyebiseni i-CO2: iimpembelelo ezinokuthi zibe kho zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokubakho kokulungiswa kweendawo zokuhlala eziselunxwemeni. Mar Ecol Prog Ser Vol. 344: 1–13 .
Ababhali bajonga ifuthe le-CO2 yokutyebisa kwi-photosynthesis yolwandle kunye nemveliso. Olu phononongo lubalulekile kuba luveza isisombululo esinokubakho ekonakalisweni kwengca yolwandle kodwa siyavuma ukuba uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka.

I-Pidgeon E. (2009). Ukuhluthwa kwekhabhoni ngeendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle: Iisinki ezibalulekileyo ezingekhoyo. Ku: Laffoley DdA, Grimsditch G., abahleli. ULawulo lweeSinki zeNdalo zoNxweme lweKhabhoni. eGland, eSwitzerland: IUCN; iphepha 47–51.
Eli nqaku liyinxalenye yeLaffoley, et al. Ushicilelo lwe-IUCN 2009 (fumana ngasentla). Inika ukucazululwa kokubaluleka kwee-carbon carbon sinks kwaye iquka imizobo eluncedo ethelekisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeesinki zekhabhoni zasemhlabeni kunye nolwandle. Ababhali baqaqambisa ukuba umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala eziselunxwemeni kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezisemhlabeni kukukwazi kweendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle ukwenza ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni ixesha elide.

Sabine, CL et al. (2004). Isinki yolwandle ye-anthropogenic CO2. Inzululwazi 305: 367-371
Olu phononongo luphonononga ukufunxwa kolwandle lwe-anthropogenic carbon dioxide ukususela kwi-Industrial Revolution, kwaye luqukumbela ukuba ulwandle lolona luziko lukhulu lwekhabhoni emhlabeni. Isusa i-20-35% yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ye-atmospheric.

Unsworth, R., et al. (2012). Amadlelo eTropiki yoLwandle lweTropiki Luguqula iKhabhoni yeKhemistri Yamanzi Olwandle: Iimpembelelo kwiMigxobhozo yeCoral Echatshazelwe yi-Acidification yoLwandle. Iileta zoPhando ngokusiNgqongileyo 7 (2): 024026.
Amadlelo engca elwandle anokukhusela iingqaqa zekorale ezikufuphi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinokubala, kuquka iimollusk, kwiziphumo ze-asidi yolwandle ngobuchule bazo bokufunxa ikhabhoni eluhlaza. Olu phononongo lufumanisa ukuba ukubalwa kwe-coral ezantsi komjelo wengca yolwandle kunamandla okuba ≈18% ngaphezulu kunemekobume engenangca yolwandle.

Uhrin, A., IHolo, M., Merello, M., Fonseca, M. (2009). Ukusinda kunye noKwandiswa kweeSodi zengca yoLwandle eTyelwa ngoomatshini. Ukubuyiselwa kweEcology Vol. 17, No. 3, iphepha 359-368
Olu phononongo luphonononga ukwenzeka kokutyala ingca yolwandle ngoomatshini xa kuthelekiswa nendlela ethandwayo yokutyala ngezandla. Ukutyalwa ngoomatshini kuvumela indawo enkulu ukuba ihoywe, nangona kunjalo ngokusekwe ekuncipheni okucuthiweyo kunye nokungabikho kokwandiswa okubonakalayo kwengca yolwandle ethe yaqhuba iminyaka emi-3 emva kokutshintshwa, indlela yesikhephe sokutyala ngoomatshini ayinakucetyiswa ngokupheleleyo.

Mfutshane, F., Carruthers, T., Dennison, W., Waycott, M. (2007). Ukuhanjiswa kwengca yolwandle kwihlabathi kunye nokwahluka: Imodeli yebhayoloji. Ijenali ye-Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350 (2007) 3–20.
Olu phononongo lujonga iyantlukwano kunye nokusasazwa kwengca yolwandle kwiindawo ezi-4 ezipholileyo. Inika ingqiqo ngokuxhaphaka kunye nokuphila kwengca yolwandle kumanxweme kwihlabathi liphela.

Waycott, M., et al. “Ukukhawuleza kwelahleko yengca yolwandle kwihlabathi liphela kubeka emngciphekweni inkqubo yendalo eselunxwemeni,” 2009. PNAS vol. 106 no. 30 12377–12381
Olu phononongo lubeka amadlelo engca yolwandle njengenye yezona nkqubo zisesichengeni emhlabeni. Baye bafumanisa ukuba izinga lokuhla liye lanyuka ukusuka kwi-0.9% ngonyaka ngaphambi kwe-1940 ukuya kwi-7% ngonyaka ukususela kwi-1990.

Whitfield, P., Kenworthy, WJ., Hammerstrom, K., Fonseca, M. 2002. “Indima Yenkanyamba Ekwandiseni Iziphazamiso Eqaliswe Zizinqanawa Zeenqwelo-mafutha Kwiindonga Zolwandle.” Ijenali yoPhando loNxweme. 81(37),86-99.
Esinye sezoyikiso eziphambili kwingca yolwandle kukuziphatha kakubi kwabaqhubi beenqanawa. Olu phononongo lungena kwindlela eyonakaliswe ngayo ingca yolwandle kunye neebhanki ezihlala kuzo zinokuba sesichengeni ngakumbi kwizivunguvungu kunye nezaqhwithi ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa.

Amanqaku eMagazini

Spalding, MJ (2015). Ingxaki Ephezu Kwethu. IForam yokusiNgqongileyo. 32 (2), 38-43.
Eli nqaku ligxininisa ubunzima be-OA, impembelelo yayo kwiwebhu yokutya kunye nemithombo yabantu yeprotheni, kunye nenyaniso yokuba yingxaki ekhoyo kwaye ibonakala. Umbhali, uMark Spalding, uxoxa ngezenzo zelizwe lase-US kunye nempendulo yamazwe ngamazwe kwi-OA, kwaye iphetha ngoluhlu lwamanyathelo amancinci anokuthi athathwe ukunceda ukulwa ne-OA - kubandakanywa ukhetho lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni elwandle ngendlela ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Conway, D. June 2007. "Impumelelo yengca yolwandle eTampa Bay." Umdlali wezemidlalo waseFlorida.
Inqaku elijonga kwinkampani ethile yokuhlaziya ingca yolwandle, iSeagrass Recovery, kunye neendlela abazisebenzisayo ukubuyisela ingca yolwandle eTampa Bay. Seagrass Recovery isebenzisa iityhubhu zentlenga ukuze zizalise izivubeko zeprop, ezixhaphakileyo kwiindawo zolonwabo zaseFlorida, kunye ne-GUTS ukuguqula iindawo ezinkulu zengca yolwandle. 

Emmett-Mattox, S., Crooks, S., Findsen, J. 2011. "Ingca kunye neeGesi." IForam yokusiNgqongileyo Umqulu 28, inombolo 4, p 30-35.
Inqaku elilula, elibanzi, elichazayo liqaqambisa amandla okugcina ikhabhoni kwimigxobhozo eselunxwemeni kunye nesidingo sokubuyisela nokukhusela ezi zinto zibalulekileyo zendalo. Eli nqaku likwangena kwizinto ezinokubakho kunye nenyaniso yokubonelela ngee-offsets ukusuka kwimigxobhozo emanzi kwimarike yekhabhoni.

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Iincwadi & Izahluko

Waycott, M., Collier, C., McMahon, K., Ralph, P., McKenzie, L., Udy, J., kunye noGrech, A. “Ubungozi bengca yolwandle kwiGreat Barrier Reef kutshintsho lwemozulu.” Icandelo II: Iintlobo zeentlobo kunye namaqela eentlobo zezilwanyana - Isahluko sesi-8.
Isahluko sencwadi esinzulu esinika konke ekufuneka umntu akwazi kwiziseko zengca yolwandle kunye nokuba sesichengeni kwazo kutshintsho lwemozulu. Ifumanisa ukuba ingca yolwandle isesichengeni sokutshintsha kobushushu bomoya nolwandle, ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, izaqhwithi ezinkulu, izikhukula, icarbon dioxide ephezulu kunye neasidi yolwandle, kunye notshintsho kwimisinga yolwandle.

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Guides

I-Emmett-Mattox, S., Crooks, S. Coastal Blue Carbon njengeNkuthazo yoLondolozo loNxweme, uBuyiselo kunye noLawulo: iTemplate yokuqonda iiNdlela zokuKhetha
Olu xwebhu luya kunceda ukukhokela abaphathi bonxweme kunye nabaphathi bemihlaba ekuqondeni iindlela ukukhusela nokubuyisela ikhabhoni ezuba elunxwemeni kunokunceda ukufikelela kwiinjongo zolawulo lonxweme. Ibandakanya ingxoxo yezinto ezibalulekileyo ekwenzeni oku kuzimisela kwaye ichaza amanyathelo alandelayo okuphuhlisa amanyathelo e-blue carbon.

McKenzie, L. (2008). Incwadi yabaFundisi beSeagrass. Jonga ingca yolwandle. 
Le ncwadana ibonelela abafundisi-ntsapho ngolwazi malunga nokuba yintoni ingca yolwandle, imo yezityalo nendalo yazo, apho inokufumaneka khona kunye nendlela eziphila ngayo kwaye zivelise kwakhona emanzini anetyuwa. 

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Amanyathelo onokuwathatha

Sebenzisa yethu SeaGrass Khulisa Carbon Calculator ukubala ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yakho kwaye unikele ukuze unciphise impembelelo yakho ngekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka! Ikhartyhuleyitha yaphuhliswa yi-Ocean Foundation ukunceda umntu okanye umbutho ukubala ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 yonyaka, ukumisela ubungakanani bekhabhoni ebhlowu eyimfuneko ukuyiphelisa (iihektare zengca yolwandle ekufuneka ibuyiselwe okanye ilingane). Ingeniso evela kwindlela yokuthenga ngetyala eblue carbon ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngemali iinzame zokubuyiswa, nto leyo eya kuthi ivelise amatyala amaninzi. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zivumela impumelelo ezimbini: ukudalwa kweendleko ezinokulinganiswa kwiinkqubo zehlabathi zemisebenzi yokukhupha i-CO2 kunye, okwesibini, ukubuyisela amadlelo engca yolwandle ayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuphilisana kwendalo engaselunxwemeni kwaye ifuna kakhulu ukuphinda ibuyiselwe.

BUYELA KUPHANDO