I-Seagrass

Utshani basolwandle yizitshalo eziqhakazayo ezikhula emanzini angashoni futhi zitholakala ogwini lwawo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Utshani basolwandle abuhlinzeki nje kuphela ngezinsiza ezibalulekile ze-ecosystem njengezindawo zolwandle, kodwa futhi busebenza njengomthombo othembekile wokudliwa kwekhabhoni. Utshani basolwandle buthatha u-0.1% ongaphansi kolwandle, nokho bunesibopho ku-11% we-organic carbon engcwatshwe olwandle. Phakathi kuka-2-7% wezimfunda zasolwandle, imihlume kanye nezinye izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezisogwini ziyalahleka minyaka yonke.

Nge-SeaGrass Grow Blue Carbon Calculator yethu ungakwazi ukubala i-carbon footprint yakho, ususe ngokubuyiselwa kotshani basolwandle futhi ufunde mayelana namaphrojekthi ethu okubuyisela ogwini.
Lapha, sihlanganise ezinye zezinsiza ezihamba phambili ngotshani basolwandle.

AmaSpredishithi Amaqiniso namaflaya

Pidgeon, E., Herr, D., Fonseca, L. (2011). Ukunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwekhabhoni Kanye Nokwenyusa I-Carbon Sequestration kanye Nesitoreji Ngama-Seagrasses, Tidal Marshes, Mangroves - Izincomo ezivela ku-International Working Group on Coastal Blue Carbon
Leli pheshana elifushane lidinga isinyathelo esisheshayo ekuvikelweni kotshani basolwandle, amaxhaphozi kanye nemihlume ngokusebenzisa 1) imizamo yokucwaninga ethuthukisiwe kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe yokudliwa kwekhabhoni yasogwini, 2) izindlela zokuphatha ezithuthukisiwe zendawo nezesifunda ezisekelwe olwazini lwamanje lokungcoliswa komoya okuvela ezindaweni ezonakele zasogwini kanye 3) ukuqashelwa okuthuthukisiwe kwamazwe ngamazwe kwe-carbon ecosystem yasogwini.  

"I-Seagrass: Igugu Elifihliwe." I-Fct Sheet yakhiqiza i-University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Integration & Application Network December 2006.

"Izimila Zasolwandle: Izihlahla Zasolwandle." ikhiqize i-University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Integration & Application Network December 2006.

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Ukukhishwa kwabezindaba, izitatimende, kanye namafuphi wenqubomgomo

Chan, F., et al. (2016). Iphaneli ye-West Coast Ocean Acidification kanye ne-Hypoxia Science: Okutholakele Okubalulekile, Izincomo, kanye Nezenzo. I-California Ocean Science Trust.
Iphaneli yesayensi enamalungu angu-20 ixwayisa ngokuthi ukwanda kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioxide emhlabeni wonke kungamanzi enza i-asidi ogwini oluseNtshonalanga Melika ngesivinini esisheshayo. Iphaneli ye-West Coast OA ne-Hypoxia incoma ngokukhethekile ukuhlola izindlela ezibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kotshani basolwandle ukuze kukhishwe isikhutha emanzini olwandle njengekhambi eliyinhloko le-OA ogwini olusentshonalanga.

I-Florida Roundtable ku-Ocean Acidification: Umbiko Womhlangano. I-Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL Septhemba 2, 2015
NgoSepthemba 2015, i-Ocean Conservancy kanye ne-Mote Marine Laboratory bahlanganyele ukuze babambe ithebula eliyindilinga lokugcwaliswa kwe-asidi olwandle e-Florida eklanyelwe ukusheshisa ingxoxo yomphakathi mayelana ne-OA eFlorida. I-ecosystems ye-Seagrass idlala indima enkulu e-Florida futhi umbiko uncoma ukuvikeleka nokubuyiselwa kwezimfunda zasolwandle 1) amasevisi e-ecosystem 2) njengengxenye yephothifoliyo yemisebenzi eyisa isifunda ekwehliseni imithelela ye-acidification yolwandle.

Imibiko

I-Conservation International. (2008). Amanani Ezomnotho Ezixhobo Zomhlaba Zamakhorali, Imihlume, Nezimila Zasolwandle: Iqoqo Lomhlaba Wonke. I-Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA.
Le ncwajana ihlanganisa imiphumela yocwaningo olubanzi lokulinganisa umnotho ezindaweni ezishisayo zasolwandle nasogwini emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenkathi lishicilelwe ngo-2008, leli phepha lisahlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela owusizo wokubaluleka kwemvelo yasogwini, ikakhulukazi kumongo wamakhono azo okuthatha ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Cooley, S., Ono, C., Melcer, S. no-Roberson, J. (2016). Izenzo Zezinga Lomphakathi Ezingakwazi Ukubhekana Ne-Ocean Acidification. Uhlelo lwe-Ocean Acidification, i-Ocean Conservancy. Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci.
Lo mbiko uhlanganisa nethebula eliwusizo lezenzo imiphakathi yasendaweni engazithatha ukuze ilwe nokugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle, okuhlanganisa ukubuyisela izixhobo ze-oyster kanye nemibhede yotshani basolwandle.

I-Florida Boating Access Facilities Inventory and Economic Study, okuhlanganisa nocwaningo lokuhlola lwe-Lee County. Agasti 2009. 
Lona umbiko obanzi we-Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission mayelana nemisebenzi yokugibela izikebhe e-Florida, umthelela wabo wezomnotho kanye nemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukubaluleka kotshani basolwandle obuletha emphakathini wezikebhe zokungcebeleka.

Hall, M., et al. (2006). Ukuthuthukisa Amasu Okuthuthukisa Izilinganiso Zokutholwa Kwezibazi Zophephela e-Turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) Meadows. Umbiko wokugcina ku-USFWS.
I-Florida Fish and Wildlife yanikezwa imali yokucwaninga imithelela eqondile yemisebenzi yabantu otshanini basolwandle, ikakhulukazi ukuziphatha kwabagibeli bezikebhe eFlorida, kanye nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokululama ngokushesha.

Laffoley, D.d'A. & Grimsditch, G. (eds). (2009). Ukuphathwa kwamasinki emvelo ekhabhoni ogwini. I-IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 53 iphe
Lo mbiko uhlinzeka ngemininingwane ephelele kodwa elula yamasinki ekhabhoni asogwini. Yanyatheliswa njengensiza hhayi kuphela ukuveza ukubaluleka kwalezi zimiso zemvelo ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa futhi nokugqamisa isidingo sokuphatha okusebenzayo nokufanelekile ekugcineni leyo khabhoni ehlutshiwe isemhlabeni.

"Amaphethini we-Propeller Scarring of Seagrass e-Florida Bay Associations With Physical and Visitor Use Factors and Implications for Natural Resource Management - Resource Evaluation Report - SFNRC Technical Series 2008:1." Isikhungo Sezemvelo saseNingizimu Florida
I-National Park Service (South Florida Natural Resources Center - Everglades National Park) isebenzisa izithombe zasemoyeni ukuze ihlonze izibazi zophephela kanye nezinga lotshani basolwandle obululama e-florida Bay, oludingwa abaphathi bamapaki nomphakathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphathwa kwemithombo yemvelo.

Ukhiye wokutolikwa kwesithombe we-2011 Indian River Lagoon Seagrass Mapping Project. 2011. Ilungiselelwe nguDewberry. 
Amaqembu amabili e-Florida athole inkontileka ka-Dewberry ngephrojekthi yokwenza imephu yotshani bolwandle ye-Indian River Lagoon ukuze athole izithombe zasemoyeni zayo yonke i-Indian River Lagoon ngefomethi yedijithali futhi akhiqize imephu yotshani yasolwandle ephelele yango-2011 ngokutolika lesi sithombe ngedatha yeqiniso eliyisisekelo.

I-US Fish & Wildlife Service Bika kuCongress. (2011). "Isimo Nemikhuba Yezindawo Ezimanzi e-United States Ephikisanayo 2004 kuya ku-2009."
Lo mbiko wombuso uqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezisogwini lwaseMelika zishabalala ngesivinini esishaqisayo, ngokusho komfelandawonye kazwelonke wamaqembu ezemvelo kanye namaqembu ezemidlalo aphathelene nempilo kanye nokusimama kwezindawo ezihlala ogwini zesizwe.

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Journal Articles

Cullen-Insworth, L. kanye no-Unsworth, R. 2018. “Isicelo sokuvikelwa kotshani basolwandle”. Isayensi, Umq. 361, Ikhishwe 6401, 446-448.
Utshani basolwandle buhlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala ezilwaneni eziningi futhi buhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile ze-ecosystem njengokuhlunga izinsalela namagciwane kukholomu yamanzi, kanye nokunciphisa amandla amaza ogwini. Ukuvikelwa kwalezi zindawo zemvelo kubalulekile ngenxa yendima ebalulekile edlalwa utshani basolwandle ekunciphiseni isimo sezulu kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla. 

Blandon, A., zu Ermgassen, PSE 2014. “Isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo ngendawo yokuhlala yotshani basolwandle eningizimu ye-Australia.” I-Estuarine, Isayensi Yasogwini kanye Neshelufu 141.
Lolu cwaningo lubheka ukubaluleka kwezimfunda zasolwandle njengezindawo zokunakekela izinhlobo ezingu-13 zezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo futhi luhlose ukukhulisa ukwazisa kotshani basolwandle ngababambe iqhaza ogwini.

Camp EF, Suggett DJ, Gendron G, Jompa J, Manfrino C kanye noSmith DJ. (2016). Imihlume kanye nemibhede yotshani basolwandle inikeza izinsiza ezihlukahlukene ze-biogeochemical zamakhorali asongelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci. 
Iphuzu eliyinhloko lalolu cwaningo ukuthi utshani basolwandle buhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo eziningi ngokumelene ne-acidity yolwandle kunemihlume. Utshani basolwandle bunamandla okunciphisa umthelela we-acidification yolwandle ezixhobo eziseduze ngokugcina izimo zamakhemikhali ezivumayo zokubalwa kwezixhobo.

Campbell, JE, Lacey, EA,. Decker, RA, Crools, S., Fourquean, JW 2014. “Isitoreji Sekhabhoni Emibhedeni Yotshani Be-Seagrass yase-Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.” I-Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation.
Lolu cwaningo lubalulekile ngoba ababhali bakhetha ngokuqaphela ukuhlola izimfunda zasolwandle ezingabhalisiwe ze-Arabian Gulf, beqonda lapho ukuthi ucwaningo ngotshani basolwandle lungase lucheme ngokusekelwe ekuntulekeni kwedatha yesifunda. Bathola ukuthi nakuba utshani esitolo saseGulf bunenani elilinganiselwe kuphela lekhabhoni, ukuba khona kwabo okubanzi sekukonke kugcina inani elikhulu lekhabhoni.

 Carruthers, T.,van Tussenbroek, B., Dennison, W.2005. Umthelela wemithombo yamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi kanye namanzi angcolile ku-dynamics yezakhi ze-Caribbean seagrass meadows. I-Estuarine, Isayensi Yasogwini kanye Neshelufu 64, 191-199.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa otshanini basolwandle e-Caribbean kanye nezinga lethonya lesifunda lemvelo lemithombo yalo ehlukile ye-submarine linakho ekucutshungulweni kwezakhi.

Duarte, C., Dennison, W., Orth, R., Carruthers, T. 2008. I-Charisma ye-Coastal Ecosystems: Ibhekana Nokungalingani. Amachweba namaGwini: J CERF 31:233–238
Le ndatshana icela ukunakwa okwengeziwe kwemithombo yezindaba kanye nocwaningo okufanele lunikezwe imvelo yasogwini, njengotshani basolwandle nemihlume. Ukuntuleka kocwaningo kuholela ekuntulekeni kwezinyathelo zokunqanda ukulahleka kwezindawo ezibalulekile zemvelo zasogwini.

U-Ezcurra, P., Ezcurra, E., Garcillán, P., Costa, M., kanye no-Aburto-Oropeza, O. (2016). Ukuma komhlaba ogwini kanye nokunqwabelana kwe-mangrove peat kukhulisa ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni nokugcinwa kwayo. Izinqubo zeNational Academy of Sciences yase-United States of America.
Lolu cwaningo luthola ukuthi imihlume endaweni eyomile esenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Mexico, ithatha ngaphansi kwe-1% yendawo yasemhlabeni, kodwa igcina cishe u-28% wengqikithi ye-carbon pool engaphansi komhlaba yaso sonke isifunda. Naphezu kokuthi mincane, imihlume kanye nezinsalela zayo eziphilayo zimelela ngokungafani nokuthathwa kwekhabhoni emhlabeni wonke kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni.

Fonseca, M., Julius, B., Kenworthy, WJ 2000. “Ukuhlanganisa ibhayoloji nezomnotho ekubuyiselweni kotshani basolwandle: Yimalini eyanele futhi ngani?” Ubunjiniyela bezemvelo 15 (2000) 227-237
Lolu cwaningo lubheka igebe lomsebenzi wokubuyisela utshani basolwandle, bese lubuza umbuzo: bungakanani utshani basolwandle obonakele okudingeka bubuyiselwe mathupha ukuze i-ecosystem iqale ukuzivuselela ngokwemvelo? Lolu cwaningo lubalulekile ngoba ukugcwalisa lesi sikhala kungase kuvumele amaphrojekthi okubuyisela utshani basolwandle ukuthi angabizi futhi asebenze kahle. 

Fonseca, M., et al. 2004. Ukusetshenziswa kwamamodeli amabili abeka ingcaca indawo ukuze kunqunywe umthelela wejiyomethri yokulimala ekubuyiseleni insiza yemvelo. I-Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. I-Ecosyst. 14: 281–298.
Ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe mayelana nohlobo lokulimala okubangelwa izikebhe eziya otshanini basolwandle kanye nekhono lazo lokululama ngokwemvelo.

Fourqurean, J. et al. (2012). I-Seagrass ecosystems njengesitokwe sekhabhoni esibalulekile emhlabeni jikelele. I-Nature Geoscience 5, 505–509.
Lolu cwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi utshani basolwandle, okwamanje obungenye yezinto eziphilayo ezisengozini enkulu emhlabeni, buyisixazululo esibalulekile sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngamakhono abo okugcina ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Greiner JT, McGlathery KJ, Gunnell J, McKee BA. (2013). Ukubuyiselwa Kwe-Seagrass Kuthuthukisa Ukuthunjwa Kwe-"Blue Carbon" Emanzini Asogwini. I-PLoS ONE 8(8): e72469.
Lolu ngolunye lwezifundo zokuqala olunikeza ubufakazi obuphathekayo bamandla okubuyiselwa kwendawo yokuhlala utshani basolwandle ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukudliwa kwekhabhoni endaweni yogu. Ababhali batshala utshani basolwandle futhi bafunda ukukhula nokuthathwa kwabo isikhathi eside.

U-Heck, K., Carruthers, T., Duarte, C., Hughes, A., Kendrick, G., Orth, R., Williams, S. 2008. Ukudluliselwa kwe-trophic kusuka ezimfundeni zasolwandle kuxhasa abathengi abahlukahlukene basolwandle nabasemhlabeni. I-ecosystems.
Lolu cwaningo luchaza ukuthi inani le-seagrass libukelwa phansi, njengoba lihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ngokusebenzisa ikhono lazo lokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-biomass, futhi ukwehla kwabo kuzoba nomthelela ezifundeni ezingaphezu kwalapho zikhula khona. 

Hendriks, E. et al. (2014). Umsebenzi we-Photosynthetic Buffers I-Ocean Acidification e-Seagrass Meadows. I-Biogeoscience 11 (2): 333–46.
Lolu cwaningo luthola ukuthi utshani basolwandle ezindaweni ezingajulile ezingasogwini bunamandla okusebenzisa umsebenzi wabo oqinile we-metabolic ukuguqula i-pH ngaphakathi kwe-canopy yabo nangale kwalokho. Ngakho-ke izinto eziphilayo, njengezixhobo zamakhorali, ezihlotshaniswa nemiphakathi yotshani basolwandle zingase zihlupheke ngenxa yokuwohloka kotshani basolwandle kanye namandla azo okuvimbela i-pH kanye ne-acidification yolwandle.

Hill, V., et al. 2014. Ukuhlola Ukutholakala Kokukhanya, I-Seagrass Biomass, Nokukhiqiza Ngokusebenzisa I-Hyperspectral Airborne Remote Sensing e-Saint Joseph's Bay, eFlorida. Amachweba namaGwini (2014) 37:1467–1489
Ababhali balolu cwaningo basebenzisa izithombe zasemoyeni ukuze balinganisele ubukhulu bendawo yotshani basolwandle futhi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe obusha obusha ukuze balinganise ukukhiqiza kwe-seagrass meadow emanzini asogwini ayinkimbinkimbi futhi banikeze ulwazi mayelana namandla alezi zindawo ukuze kusekelwe amawebhu okudla olwandle.

Irving AD, Connell SD, Russell BD. 2011. "Ukubuyisela Izitshalo Zasogwini Ukuze Kuthuthukiswe Isitoreji Sekhabhoni Yomhlaba Wonke: Ukuvuna Esikutshalayo." I-PLoS ONE 6(3): e18311.
Ucwaningo mayelana nokuthathwa kwekhabhoni kanye namakhono okugcina izitshalo zasogwini. Esimeni sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ucwaningo lubona umthombo ongasetshenzisiwe walezi zinhlelo zemvelo zasogwini njengamamodeli okudluliselwa kwekhabhoni ngokwe-tangent neqiniso lokuthi u-30-50% wokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala ogwini kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule kube ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu.

van Katwijk, MM, et al. 2009. "Imihlahlandlela yokubuyiselwa kotshani basolwandle: Ukubaluleka kokukhetha indawo yokuhlala kanye nenani labantu abanikelayo, ukusabalala kwezingozi, nemiphumela yobunjiniyela be-ecosystem." Umbiko Wokungcoliswa Kwasolwandle 58 (2009) 179–188.
Lolu cwaningo luhlola imihlahlandlela eseyenziwe bese luphakamisa emisha yokubuyiselwa kotshani basolwandle - kugcizelela ukukhethwa kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nenani labantu abanikelayo. Bathole ukuthi utshani basolwandle bululama kangcono ezindaweni zomlando zotshani basolwandle kanye nokuhlukahluka kofuzo lwempahla yabanikelayo. Kubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokubuyisela zidinga ukucatshangelwa futhi zibe sesimweni uma zizophumelela.

Kennedy, H., J. Beggins, CM Duarte, JW Fourqurean, M. Holmer, N. Marbà, kanye no-JJ Middelburg (2010). I-Seagrass sediments njenge-global carbon sink: Izingqinamba ze-Isotopic. I-Global Biogeochem. Imijikelezo, 24, GB4026.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi mayelana namandla okuthatha ikhabhoni utshani basolwandle. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi nakuba utshani basolwandle bubala kuphela indawo encane yogu, izimpande zabo kanye nenhlabathi ecolekayo ithatha inani elikhulu lekhabhoni.

U-Marion, S. no-Orth, R. 2010. “Izindlela Ezintsha Zokubuyisela Utshani Basolwandle Ngezinga Elikhulu Ngokusebenzisa Imbewu ye-Zostera marina (eelgrass),” I-Restoration Ecology Vol. 18, No. 4, amakhasi 514-526.
Lolu cwaningo lubheka indlela yokusakaza imbewu yotshani basolwandle kunokuba kutshalwe amahlumela otshani basolwandle njengoba imizamo emikhulu yokubuyiswa ivame kakhulu. Bathola ukuthi nakuba imbewu ingasakazeka endaweni ebanzi, kunezinga eliphansi lokuqala lokumila kwezithombo.

Orth, R., et al. 2006. “Inkinga Yomhlaba Wonke Yezindawo Eziphila Ngotshani Zasolwandle.” I-BioScience Magazine, Umq. 56 No. 12, 987-996.
Inani labantu abasogwini kanye nentuthuko kuwusongo olukhulu otshanini basolwandle. Ababhali bayavuma ukuthi nakuba isayensi ikubona ukubaluleka kotshani basolwandle kanye nokulahlekelwa kwabo, umphakathi womphakathi awukwazi. Bahlaba ikhwelo lokuthi kube nomkhankaso wokufundisa wokwazisa abalawuli kanye nomphakathi ukubaluleka kwezimfunda zasolwandle, nesidingo kanye nezindlela zokubugcina.

I-Palacios, S., Zimmerman, R. 2007. Impendulo ye-eelgrass i-Zostera marina ekuthuthukisweni kwe-CO2: imithelela engaba khona yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye namandla okulungiswa kwezindawo ezihlala ogwini. I-Mar Ecol Prog Ser Vol. 344:1–13.
Ababhali babheka umthelela wokunothisa kwe-CO2 ku-photosynthesis yotshani basolwandle kanye nokukhiqiza. Lolu cwaningo lubalulekile ngoba luveza isixazululo esingaba khona ekucekeleni phansi kotshani basolwandle kodwa luyavuma ukuthi kusadingeka olunye ucwaningo.

U-Pidgeon E. (2009). Ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni ngezindawo zasolwandle ezihlala ogwini: Osinki ababalulekile abangekho. Ku: Laffoley DdA, Grimsditch G., abahleli. Ukuphathwa Kwezisinki Zekhabhoni Yemvelo Yasogwini. IGland, eSwitzerland: IUCN; amakhasi 47-51.
Lesi sihloko siyingxenye yeLaffoley, et al. Ukushicilelwa kwe-IUCN 2009 (thola ngenhla). Ihlinzeka ngemininingwane yokubaluleka kokucwila kwekhabhoni yolwandle futhi ihlanganisa imidwebo ewusizo eqhathanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamasinki ekhabhoni yasemhlabeni nasolwandle. Ababhali bagqamisa ukuthi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezihlala ogwini zasogwini nezasemhlabeni yikhono lezindawo ezihlala olwandle lokuthatha ikhabhoni isikhathi eside.

Sabine, CL et al. (2004). Ukucwila kolwandle lwe-anthropogenic CO2. Isayensi 305: 367-371
Lolu cwaningo luhlola ukuthi ulwandle luthatha kanjani i-anthropogenic carbon dioxide kusukela ngeNguquko Yezimboni, futhi luphetha ngokuthi ulwandle luwumthombo wekhabhoni omkhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Isusa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yasemkhathini okungama-20-35%.

Unsworth, R., et al. (2012). I-Tropical Seagrass Meadows Iguqula Ikhemikhali Yekhabhoni Yamanzi Olwandle: Imithelela Yezixhobo Zamakhorali Ezithintwa I-Ocean Acidification. Izincwadi Zocwaningo Lwezemvelo 7 (2): 024026.
Izimfunda ze-Seagrass zingavikela izixhobo zamakhorali eziseduze nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezibalelayo, okuhlanganisa nama-mollusk, emiphumeleni ye-acidification yolwandle ngamakhono azo okuthatha ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lolu cwaningo luthola ukuthi ukubalwa kwamakhorali phansi kotshani basolwandle kunamandla okuba ≈18% mkhulu kunasendaweni engenatshani basolwandle.

Uhrin, A., Hall, M., Merello, M., Fonseca, M. (2009). Ukusinda Nokunwetshwa Kotshani Basolwandle Abatshalwe Ngomshini. I-Restoration Ecology Vol. 17, No. 3, amakhasi 359-368
Lolu cwaningo luhlola ukusebenza kokutshalwa kwemishini kwezimfunda zasolwandle uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela edumile yokutshala mathupha. Ukutshala ngomshini kuvumela indawo enkulu ukuba ixazululwe, kodwa ngokusekelwe ekuminyana okuncishisiwe kanye nokuntuleka kokunwebeka okuphawulekayo kotshani basolwandle osebuqhubeke iminyaka emi-3 ngemva kokufakelwa kabusha, indlela yesikebhe yokutshala ngomshini ayikanconywa ngokugcwele.

Okufushane, F., Carruthers, T., Dennison, W., Waycott, M. (2007). Ukusatshalaliswa kotshani basolwandle emhlabeni wonke kanye nokwehlukahlukana: Imodeli ye-bioregional. Ijenali ye-Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350 (2007) 3–20.
Lolu cwaningo lubheka ukuhlukahluka kanye nokusatshalaliswa kotshani basolwandle ezindaweni ezi-4 ezipholile. Inikeza ukuqonda ngokusabalala kanye nokuphila kotshani basolwandle ogwini emhlabeni wonke.

Waycott, M., et al. "Ukusheshisa ukulahleka kotshani basolwandle emhlabeni wonke kusongela imvelo yasogwini," 2009. PNAS vol. 106 no. 30 12377–12381
Lolu cwaningo lubeka izimfunda zasolwandle njengenye yemvelo esengozini kakhulu emhlabeni. Bathole ukuthi izinga lokwehla liyenyuka lisuka ku-0.9% ngonyaka ngaphambi kuka-1940 laya ku-7% ngonyaka kusukela ngo-1990.

Whitfield, P., Kenworthy, WJ., Hammerstrom, K., Fonseca, M. 2002. “Iqhaza LeSiphepho Ekwandiseni Iziphazamiso Eqaliswe Imikhumbi Yezimoto Emabhange Ase-Seagrass.” Ijenali yocwaningo lwasogwini. 81(37),86-99.
Enye yezinsongo ezinkulu otshanini basolwandle ukuziphatha okubi kwabagibeli bezikebhe. Lolu cwaningo lubheka ukuthi utshani basolwandle obulimele kanye namabhange okuhlala kuwo kungaba sengozini enkulu kangakanani yeziphepho neziphepho ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa.

Izihloko Zomagazini

Spalding, MJ (2015). Inkinga Ebhekene Nathi. Isithangami Sezemvelo. 32 (2), 38-43.
Lesi sihloko sigqamisa ubukhali be-OA, umthelela wayo kuwebhu yokudla nasemithonjeni yabantu yamaprotheni, kanye neqiniso lokuthi iyinkinga ekhona futhi ebonakalayo. Umbhali, u-Mark Spalding, uxoxa ngezenzo zombuso waseMelika kanye nokusabela kwamazwe ngamazwe ku-OA, futhi uphetha ngohlu lwezinyathelo ezincane ezingathathwa ukuze kusizwe i-OA - okuhlanganisa nenketho yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni olwandle ngendlela ye-OA. ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Conway, D. June 2007. "Impumelelo yotshani bolwandle eTampa Bay." Umdlali wezemidlalo waseFlorida.
I-athikili ebheka inkampani ethile evuselela utshani basolwandle, i-Seagrass Recovery, nezindlela abazisebenzisayo ukubuyisela utshani basolwandle e-Tampa Bay. I-Seagrass Recovery isebenzisa amashubhu e-sediment ukugcwalisa izibazi ze-prop, ezivame ezindaweni zokungcebeleka zaseFlorida, kanye ne-GUTS ukuze kufakwe iziza ezinkulu zotshani basolwandle. 

Emmett-Mattox, S., Crooks, S., Findsen, J. 2011. "Utshani namagesi." Isithangami Sezemvelo Umqulu 28, Inombolo 4, p 30-35.
Isihloko esilula, esibanzi, esichazayo esigqamisa amandla okugcina ikhabhoni ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi zasogwini kanye nesidingo sokubuyisela nokuvikela lezi zinhlelo zemvelo ezibalulekile. Lesi sihloko siphinde singene emandleni kanye nangokoqobo ekuhlinzekeni ngenani elivela ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezinamanzi emakethe yekhabhoni.

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Izincwadi Nezahluko

Waycott, M., Collier, C., McMahon, K., Ralph, P., McKenzie, L., Udy, J., kanye noGrech, A. “Vulnerability of seagrasses in the Great Barrier Reef to change climate.” Ingxenye II: Izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezinhlobo - Isahluko 8.
Isahluko sencwadi esijulile esihlinzeka ngakho konke okudingeka ukwazi ngezisekelo zotshani basolwandle kanye nokuba sengozini kwabo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ithola ukuthi utshani basolwandle busengozini yokushintsha izinga lokushisa lomoya nolwandle, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, iziphepho ezinkulu, izikhukhula, ukuphakama kwe-carbon dioxide kanye ne-acidification yolwandle, kanye nezinguquko emisinga yolwandle.

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Guides

I-Emmett-Mattox, S., Crooks, S. Coastal Blue Carbon njengesikhuthazo Sokongiwa Kogwini, Ukubuyiselwa Nokuphathwa: Isifanekiso Sokuqonda Izinketho
Lo mbhalo uzosiza ukuqondisa abaphathi basogwini nomhlaba ekuqondeni izindlela ukuvikela nokubuyisela ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ogwini kungasiza ukufeza izinjongo zokuphatha ugu. Kufaka phakathi ingxoxo yezinto ezibalulekile ekwenzeni lokhu kuzimisela futhi iveze izinyathelo ezilandelayo zokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

McKenzie, L. (2008). Incwadi Yabafundisi Be-Seagrass. I-Seagrass Watch. 
Le ncwajana ihlinzeka othisha ngolwazi lokuthi buyini utshani basolwandle, i-morphology yezitshalo zabo kanye ne-anatomy, lapho zingatholakala khona nokuthi ziphila kanjani futhi zizalane emanzini anosawoti. 

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Izenzo Ongazithatha

Sebenzisa yethu I-SeaGrass Khulisa I-Carbon Calculator ukubala ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yakho futhi unikele ukuze unciphise umthelela wakho ngekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka! Isibali sithuthukiswe yi-The Ocean Foundation ukusiza umuntu noma inhlangano ukubala ukukhishwa kwayo kwaminyaka yonke kwe-CO2 ukuze, yona, ithole inani lekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka edingekayo ukuze kuqedwe (amahektha otshani basolwandle azobuyiselwa noma okulingana nawo). Imali engenayo evela kumshini wekhredithi yecarbon eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ingasetshenziselwa ukuxhasa imizamo yokubuyisela, okubuye kukhiqize amakhredithi engeziwe. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zivumela ukuzuza okubili: ukwakhiwa kwezindleko ezingalinganiswa ezinhlelweni zomhlaba wonke zemisebenzi yokukhipha utshani be-CO2 futhi, okwesibili, ukubuyiselwa kwezimfunda zasolwandle ezakha ingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yasogwini futhi enesidingo esikhulu sokubuyiselwa.

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